'''Polish''' is the official '''language of [[Poland]]''', a country of 40M people and is also used by the 10M Polish diaspora around the world. It is understood and can be used for communication in the western parts of [[Ukraine]], [[Belarus]] and [[Lithuania]]. Polish is a '''[[:WikiPedia:Western Slavic languages|Western Slavic language]]''' and the closest similar languages are those of Poland's neighbours: [[Czech phrasebook|Czech]], [[Slovak phrasebook|Slovak]]. The latter two are actually more easily understood by a speaker of Polish, but not in writing, as they use different alphabets.
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The language is unique in that it retains the '''nasal sounds''' lost in other Slavic languages and uses a unique '''diacritic mark, an ''ogonek''''' (a "little tail") attached to '''a''' and '''e''' to express them. It is also noted for its '''consonant clusters''' with similar-sounding affricates and fricatives, some of which sound easier for a rattlesnake to say with its tail than a human with his mouth. On the other hand, there are '''only 8 vowels''' in Polish, as compared to some 20 in RP [[:WikiPedia:English language|English]] and the '''pronunciation follows a set of rules''', so it can be read from the spelling of a word.
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Being a highly-inflected language, Polish allows much '''discretion in its word order'''. For example, ''Ania kocha Jacka'', ''Jacka kocha Ania'', ''Ania Jacka kocha'', etc. all translate to ''Annie loves Jack'', a sentence that cannot be further reordered without changing the meaning. This may cause some confusion for speakers of positional languages such as English. Polish has '''7 cases''', '''3 grammatical genders''' (masculine, feminine and neuter) in singular and 2 (virile and non-virile) in plural. There are '''6 tenses''' and '''18 verb conjugation patterns''' so as you can see the grammar may be a little challenging.
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Il polacco è la lingua ufficiale della polonia, una nazione di circa 40 milioni di persone ed è inoltre parlato da 10 miglioni di polacchi sparsi nel resto del mondo. E' capito e può essere impiegato per comunicare nelle regioni coccidentali di Ucraina, Bielorussia e Lituania. Il polacco è una lingua slava occidentale e le lingue ad essa più affini sono quelle di paesi limitrofi: slovacchia e Repubblica Ceca. Questi due idiomi possono essere capite abbastanza facilmente da chi parla polacco, ma non lette, poichè usano un diverso alfabeto.
Il polacco è la lingua ufficiale della polonia, una nazione di circa 40 milioni di persone ed è inoltre parlato da 10 miglioni di polacchi sparsi nel resto del mondo. E' capito e può essere impiegato per comunicare nelle regioni coccidentali di Ucraina, Bielorussia e Lituania. Il polacco è una lingua slava occidentale e le lingue ad essa più affini sono quelle di paesi limitrofi: slovacchia e Repubblica Ceca. Questi due idiomi possono essere capite abbastanza facilmente da chi parla polacco, ma non lette, poichè usano un diverso alfabeto.
Versione delle 15:22, 9 set 2012
Il polacco è la lingua ufficiale della polonia, una nazione di circa 40 milioni di persone ed è inoltre parlato da 10 miglioni di polacchi sparsi nel resto del mondo. E' capito e può essere impiegato per comunicare nelle regioni coccidentali di Ucraina, Bielorussia e Lituania. Il polacco è una lingua slava occidentale e le lingue ad essa più affini sono quelle di paesi limitrofi: slovacchia e Repubblica Ceca. Questi due idiomi possono essere capite abbastanza facilmente da chi parla polacco, ma non lette, poichè usano un diverso alfabeto.
Le particolarità del Polacco sono che ha mantenuto i suoni nasali persi dalle altre lingue Slave, e che usa un segno diacritico peculiare una "ogonek" ("piccola coda") applicato alla lettera "a" per esprimerne appunto una pronuncia nasale. è inoltre noto per i gruppi di consonanti affricate e fricative dai suoni simili, alcune delle quali sono più semplòici da produrre per un serpente asonagli con la sua coda che da un umano con la sua bocca. D'altra parte, ci sono solo 8 vocali in polacco, rispetto alle 20 dell'Inglese standard, ed inoltre la pronuncia segue una serie di regole, cosicchè dallo spelling è possibile leggere la parola.
Essendo una lingua con molte declinazioni, il Polacco consente molta libera scelta nell'ordine delle parole. Ad esempio le frasi " Ania kocha Jacka, Jacka kocha Ania, Ania Jacka kocha" significano tutte "Anna ama Jeack", ilc he può generare confusione per chi parla un linguaggio posizionale, come ad esempio l'inglese. Il polacco ha 7 casi e 3 generi grammaticali (maschile, femminile e neutro)al singolare e due (virile e non virile) al plurale. Ci sono 6 tempi e 18 schemi di coniugazione verbale il che può rendere una sfida affrontarne la grammatica.
simile alla c dolce di cena, pronunciata però con la lingua spinta verso la parte anteriore del palato
d
come in danno
f
come in fumo
g
g dura come in gatto
h
vedi ch
j
i semivocalica come in ieri
k
c dura come in casa
l
come in letto
ł
u semivocalica come in uomo
m
come in mora
n
come in nipote
ń
simile a gn in ragno, ma meno marcato
p
come in punto
q
unione dei suoni k e w (usato di rado)
r
no approximate sound in English but try ring
s
as in song
ś
~ as in wish
t
as in top
v
see w (rarely used)
w
as in vote
x
as ks, see k and s respectively (rarely used)
z
as in haze
ź
as in seizure
ż
as zh in English loanwords or treasure
Digraphs and trigraphs
ch
as Scots say in loch
ci, dzi, ni, si, zi
as a ć/dź/ń/ś/ź followed by an i
sz
as in shackles
cz
as in witch
rz
see ż
dż
as in John, voiced version of cz
dź
voiced version of dź
szcz
sz + cz is a common combination - just think freshcheese.
How to pronounce
Emphasis is usually on the penultimate syllable.
Devoicing occurs with b, d, g, w, z, ż and voiced digraphs in the word endings and in consonant clusters. Thus jabłko 'an apple' is really pronounced japko.
Nasal vowels are really nasal in certain configurations only. Other than that, they are om/on for ą and em/en for ę. To approximate them, say a or e normally and then the say the n sound as in the -ing endings. Link those two sounds together and voila you have a nasal vowel.
Voiceless plosivesk, p and t are not aspirated, unlike their English counterparts.
Ć-Cz, Dź-Dż, Ś-Sz. This is a little more difficult. The English sh/ch sounds are between ś/ć and sz/cz respectively - the former are softer, and the latter are harder. Cz is really just an affricate consisting of t + sz (or t + sh in English). Dź is a voiced ć and dż is a voiced counterpart of cz, so another way to learn cz is to de-voice the J sound you know from John.
Rolling r is the sound you will most probably never learn. Approximate it with the r you know, whatever it is. Or if you are really determined, read about the alveolar trill and the alveolar flap.
After you know how to pronounce letters and digraphs, just pronounce all letters as you see them.
Phrase list
Espressioni di base
Salve
Informale - Cześć (Tch-esh-ch) Formale - Dzień dobry (Jeyn Dob-ry)
Come va?
Jak się masz? (Yahk sheng mah-sh)
Bene, grazie
Dziękuję, dobrze. (Jenkoo-yeng dob-zhe)
Come ti chiami?
Jak masz na imię? (yahk mah-sh nah eem-ye)
Mi chiamo ______ .
Nazywam się ______. (Nah-zivam sheng ____)
Per favore
Proszę (PROH-sheng)
Grazie
Dziękuję. (Jenkoo-yeng)
Prego
Informale - Nie ma za co (nyeh mah zah tsoh) Formale - Proszę (PROH-sheng)
Czy mogę zadzwonić (od pana/pani)? (tshy moh-gheh zah-tzvoh-nitz (ohd pa-nih [fem.]/pah-nah [masc.])
Numbers
Comma is the decimal point in Polish, and space is used as a thousand separator.
For negative numbers, the minus sign is before the number.
The currency symbol is zł (sometimes also PLN where different currencies are involved or, incorrectly, PLZ) and it goes after the amount.
Common abbreviations are tys. for 'thousands' (SI: k), mln for million (SI: M). Miliard or mld is a billion, and bilion is a trillion (as in the old British notation).
Examples: 1,000,000 is 1 000 000, 3.141 is 3,141. PLN 14.95 is 14,95 zł, and the Polish public debt is -500 000 000 000 zł or -500 000 mln zł or -500 mld zł or 0,5 bln zł (not that much, actually).
Numbers
liczby
1
jeden (YEH-den) (pierwszy)
2
dwa (dvah) (drugi)
3
trzy (tzhih) (trzeci)
4
cztery (CHTEH-rih) (czwarty)
5
pięć (pyench) (piąty)
6
sześć (sheshch) (szósty)
7
siedem (SHEH-dem) (siódmy)
8
osiem (OH-shem) (ósmy)
9
dziewięć (JEV-yench) (dziewiąty)
10
dziesięć (JESH-yench) (dziesiąty)
11
jedenaście (yeh-deh-NAHSH-cheh) (-nasty)
12
dwanaście (dvah-NAHSH-cheh)
13
trzynaście (tzhi-NAHSH-cheh)
14
czternaście (chter-NAHSH-cheh)
15
piętnaście (pyent-NAHSH-cheh)
16
szesnaście (shes-NAHSH-cheh)
17
siedemnaście (sheh-dem-NAHSH-cheh)
18
osiemnaście (oh-shem-NAHSH-cheh)
19
dziewiętnaście (jev-yent-NAHSH-cheh)
20
dwadzieścia (dwudziesty)
21
dwadzieścia jeden
22
dwadzieścia dwa
23
dwadzieścia trzy
30
trzydzieści (trzyetziesty)
40
czterdzieści (czterdziesty)
50
pięćdziesiąt (pięćdziesiąty)
60
sześćdziesiąt (sześćdziesiąty)
70
siedemdziesiąt (siedemdziesiąty)
80
osiemdziesiąt (osiemdziesiąty)
90
dziewięćdziesiąt (dziewięćdziesiąty)
100
sto (setny)
200
dwieście (dwusetny)
300
trzysta (trzysetny)
400
czterysta (czterysetny)
500
pięćset (pięćsetny)
600
sześćset (sześćsetny)
700
siedemset (siedemsetny)
800
osiemset (osiemsetny)
900
dziewięćset (dziewięćsetny)
1000
tysiąc (tysięczny)
2000
dwa tysiące (dwutysięczny)
1 000 000
milion (milionowy)
number _____ (train, bus, etc.)
numer _____
half
pół/połowa
less
mniej
more
więcej
Time
now
teraz (tehraz)
later
później (poozniehy)
morning
rano (ranoh)
afternoon
popołudnie (popo-oodnye)
evening
wieczór (viehtzoor)
night
noc (nohtz)
Clock time
12-hour clock is used in informal speech only, 24-hour clock being used in all other situations. Common date formats are 2006-12-25 (ISO-compliant), 25.12.2006 and 25 XII 2006 r. Time of day can be expressed with: rano (in the morning), po południu (in the afternoon) and wieczorem (in the evening).
today
dziś (jeesh)
yesterday
wczoraj (f-chore-eye)
tomorrow
jutro (yoo-troh)
this week
w tym tygodniu (f tyhm tyghodnioo)
last week
w poprzednim tygodniu (f pohp-shed-neem tyghodnioo)
next week
w następnym tygodniu (v nastenpnym tyghodnioo)
Monday
poniedziałek (poniedzialehck)
Tuesday
wtorek (vtorehck)
Wednesday
środa (srodah)
Thursday
czwartek (tshvartehck)
Friday
piątek (piontehck)
Saturday
sobota (sobota)
Sunday
niedziela (nyehtzyehla)
Months
January
styczeń (stitshen)
February
luty (loot-ay)
March
marzec (majehtz)
April
kwiecień (kviehtziehn)
May
maj (mai)
June
czerwiec (tzehrviehtz)
July
lipiec (lipiehtz)
August
sierpień (siehrpiehn)
September
wrzesień (vjehciehn)
October
październik (pazchiehrnick)
November
listopad (listohpahd)
December
grudzień (qrootziehn)
Writing time and date
6:00 a.m. - 6:00, 6:00 p.m. - 18:00
Colors
black
czarny (char-nay)
white
biały (bee-ah-way)
gray
szary (sha-ray)
red
czerwony (chair-vo-nay)
blue
niebieski (nyeh-bee-es-kee)
yellow
żółty (zhoh-tay)
green
zielony (zhielony)
orange
pomarańczowy (po-mar-an-cho-vay)
pink
różowy (row-zho-vay)
brown
brązowy (bra-zho-vay)
Languages
German
niemiecki
English
angielski
French
francuski
Spanish
hiszpański
Italian
włoski
Russian
rosyjski
Transportation
Timetable
time table, schedule
rozkład jazdy (wheeled), rozkład lotów (by air)
route
trasa
from where
skąd, od
where to
dokąd, do
departure
wyjazd, odjazd (wheeled), wylot, odlot (by air)
arrival
przyjazd (wheeled), przylot (by air)
hour, time, date
godzina (godz.), czas, data
holidays, Easter
w dzień świąteczny (w dni świąteczne), w święta, w Wielkanoc
at night
w noc
stop
przystanek
station
stacja, dworzec
regular connection
kurs osobowy, kurs zwykły
accelerated connection
kurs pośpieszny
connection
połączenie
change
przesiadka
find
wyszukaj, szukaj, znajdź
Bus and train
How much is a ticket to _____?
Ile kosztuje bilet do _____? (...)
One ticket to _____, please.
Proszę jeden bilet do _____. (...)
Where does this train/bus go?
Dokąd jedzie ten pociąg/autobus? (...)
Where the train/bus to _____ depart from?
Skąd odjeżdża pociąg/autobus do _____? (...)
Does this train/bus stop in _____?
Czy ten pociąg/autobus staje w _____? (...)
When does the train/bus for _____ leave?
Kiedy odjeżdża pociąg/autobus do _____? (...)
What time (when) will this train/bus arrive in _____?
O której (kiedy) ten pociąg/autobus przyjeżdża do _____? (...)
domestic
krajowy
international
międzynarodowy
ticket
bilet
check the ticket
kasować bilet
reservation
rezerwacja
1st (2nd) class
pierwsza/druga klasa
entrance
wejście
exit
wyjście
train
pociąg
platform
peron
track
tor
train car
wagon
train compartment
przedział
place
miejsce
row
rząd
place near window
miejce przy oknie
for (no) smoking
dla (nie)palących
sitting place
miejsce siedzące
lying/sleeping place
miejsce leżące/sypialne
Directions
How do I get to _____ ?
Jak dostać się do _____ ? (...)
...the train station?
...stacji kolejowej? (...)
...the bus station?
...dworca autobusowego? (...)
...the airport?
...lotniska? (...)
...downtown?
...centrum? (...)
...the youth hostel?
...schroniska młodzieżowego? (...)
...the _____ hotel?
...hotelu _____? (...)
...American
amerykańskiego konsulatu?
Where are there a lot of...
Gdzie znajdę dużo... (...)
...hotels?
...hoteli? (...)
...restaurants?
...restauracji? (...)
...bars?
...barów? (...)
...sites to see?
...miejsc do zwiedzenia? (...)
...museums?
...muzeów?
Can you show me on the map?
Czy może pan/pani pokazać mi na mapie? (...)
street
ulica (...)
avenue
aleja
place
plac
round
rondo
bridge
most
Turn left
Skręć w lewo. (...)
Turn right
Skręć w prawo. (...)
left
lewo (...)
right
prawo (...)
straight ahead
prosto (...)
towards the _____
w kierunku _____ (...)
past the _____
minąć _____ (...)
before the _____
przed _____ (...)
Watch for the _____.
uważaj na _____. (...)
intersection
skrzyżowanie (...)
north
północ (Pn.) (...)
south
południe (Pd.) (...)
east
wschód (Wsch.) (...)
west
zachód (Zach.) (...)
uphill
pod górę (...)
downhill
w dół (...)
Taxi
Taxi!
Taxi!, Taksówka! (...)
Take me to _____, please.
Proszę mnie zawieźć do ______. (...)
How much does it cost to get to _____?
Ile kosztuje przejazd do _____? (...)
Take me there, please.
Proszę mnie tam zawieźć. (...)
Lodging
Do you have any rooms available?
Czy są wolne pokoje? (...)
How much is a room for one person/two people?
Ile kosztuje pokój dla jednej osoby/dwóch osób? (...)
Does the room come with...
Czy ten pokój jest z... (...)
...bedsheets?
...prześcieradłami? (...)
...a bathroom?
...łazienką? (...)
...a bath?
...wanną?
...a shower?
...prysznicem?
...a telephone?
...telefonem? (...)
...a TV?
...telewizorem? (...)
May I see the room (first)?
Czy mogę (najpierw) zobaczyć pokój? (...)
Do you have anything quieter?
Czy jest jakiś cichszy? (...)
...bigger?
...większy? (...)
...cleaner?
...czystszy? (...)
...cheaper?
...tańszy? (...)
OK, I'll take it.
Dobrze. Wezmę go. (...)
I will stay for _____ night(s).
Zostanę na _____ noc(e/y). (...)
Can you suggest another hotel?
Czy może pan/pani polecić inny hotel? (...)
Do you have a safe?
Czy jest tu sejf? (...)
Where is/are locker(-s)?
Gdzie jest/są szatnia/szatnie? (...)
Is breakfast/supper included?
Czy śniadanie/kolacja jest wliczone? (...)
What time is breakfast/supper?
O której godzinie jest śniadanie/kolacja? (...)
Please clean my room.
Proszę posprzątać mój pokój. (...)
Can you wake me at _____?
Czy może mnie pan/pani obudzić o _____? (...)
I want to check out.
Chcę się wymeldować. (...)
Money
Do you accept American/Australian/Canadian dollars?
Czy mogę zapłacić amerykańskimi/australijskimi/kanadyjskimi dolarami? (...)
Do you accept credit cards?
Czy mogę zapłacić kartą (kredytową)? (...)
Can you change money for me?
Czy mogę wymienieć pieniądze? (...)
Where can I get money changed?
Gdzie mogę wymienić pieniądze? (...)
Can you change a traveler's check for me?
Czy mogże pan/pani wymienić mi czek podróżny? (...)
Where can I get a traveler's check changed?
Gdzie mogę wymienić czek podróżny? (...)
What is the exchange rate?
Jaki jest kurs wymiany? (...)
Where is an automatic teller machine (ATM)?
Gdzie jest bankomat? (...)
Can you change me this for coins?
Czy może mi pan/pani wymienić to na monety?
Eating
eat
jeść
food
jedzenie
A table for one person/two people, please.
Poproszę stolik dla jednej/dwóch osób. (...)
Can I look at the menu, please?
Czy mogę zobaczyć menu? (...)
Is there a house specialty?
Czy jest specjalność lokalu? (...)
I'm a vegetarian.
Jestem wegetarianinem. (...)
I don't eat meat.
Nie jem mięsa.
Can you make it "lite", please? (less oil/butter/lard)
Czy mogłoby to być podane "na lekko" (mniej oleju/masła/smalcu)? (...)
fixed-price meal
? (...)
à la carte
z karty, z menu (...)
breakfast
śniadanie (...)
lunch
drugie śniadanie (...)
dinner
obiad
I want _____.
Poproszę _____. (...)
I want a dish containing _____.
Poproszę danie z (składające się z) _____. (...)
chicken
kurczak (...)
beef
wołowina (...)
fish
ryba (...)
ham
szynka (...)
sausage
parówka, kiełbasa (...)
cheese
ser (...)
egg, eggs
jajko (...)
salad
sałatka (...)
(fresh) vegetables
(świeżye) warzywa (...)
(fresh) fruit
(świeżye) owoce (...)
bread
chleb (...)
bun, roll
bułka
toast
tost (...)
noodles
makaron (...)
rice
ryż (...)
potato
ziemniak, kartofel
beans
fasola (...)
pea
groch, groszek
onion
cebula
sour cream
śmietana
red/green pepper
czerwona/zielona papryka
May I have a glass of _____?
Poproszę szklankę _____? (...)
May I have a cup of _____?
Poproszę kubek _____? (...)
May I have a bottle of _____?
Poproszę butelkę _____? (...)
coffee
kawa (...)
tea (drink)
herbata (...)
mint
mięta
sugar
cukier
juice
sok (...)
(bubbly) water
woda (gazowana) (...)
beer
piwo (...)
red/white wine
czerwone/białe wino (...)
May I have some _____?
Czy mogę trochę _____? (...)
salt
sól (...)
black pepper
pieprz (...)
butter
masło (...)
Excuse me, waiter? (getting attention of server)
Przepraszam? (...)
I'm finished.
Skończyłem. (...)
It was delicious.
Było bardzo dobre. (...)
The bill, please.
Proszę rachunek. (...)
Bars
A beer/two beers, please.
Piwo/Dwa piwa proszę. (...)
A glass of red/white wine, please.
Kieliszek czerwonego/białego wina proszę. (...)
rum
rum (ROOM)
water
woda (...)
orange juice
sok pomarańczowy (...)
Coke (soda)
Kola (or Cola) (KO-lah)
One more, please.
Jeszcze raz proszę. (...)
Another round, please.
Jeszcze jedną kolejkę proszę. (...)
When is closing time?
O której zamykacie? (...)
Shopping
Do you have this in my size?
Czy jest w moim rozmiarze? (...)
How much is this?
Ile to kosztuje? (...)
Price.
Cena.
That's too expensive.
Za drogo. (...)
Would you take _____?
Czy weźmiesz _____? (...)
expensive
drogo (...)
cheap
tanio (...)
I can't afford it.
Nie stać mnie. (...)
I don't want it.
Nie chcę tego. (...)
I'm not interested.
Nie jestem zainteresowany. (..)
OK, I'll take it.
W porządku, biorę. (...)
Can I have a bag?
Czy mogę dostać torebkę? (...)
I need...
Potrzebuję... (...)
...toothpaste.
...pastę do zębów. (...)
...a toothbrush.
...szczoteczkę do zębów. (...)
...soap.
...mydło. (...)
...shampoo.
...szampon. (...)
...pain reliever. (e.g., aspirin or ibuprofen)
...środek przeciwbólowy (na przykład aspirynę lub ibuprofen). (...)
...cold medicine.
...lekarstwo na przeziębienie. (...)
...stomach medicine.
...lekarstwo na żołądek. (...)
...a razor.
...maszynkę do golenia. (...)
...an umbrella.
...parasol. (...)
...sunblock lotion.
...krem przeciwsłoneczny. (...)
...a postcard.
...pocztówkę. (...)
...postage stamps.
...znaczki pocztowe. (...)
...batteries.
...baterie. (...)
...writing paper.
...papier listowy. (...)
...a pen.
...długopis. (...)
Driving
Polish street signs are pictograms.
There are no 'one way', 'yield', etc. signs written in words.
