Difference between revisions of "Welsh phrasebook"

Revision as of 09:19, 21 January 2011

Welsh (Welsh: Cymraeg) is a language spoken by around 21% of the population in Wales in addition to English (according to the 2001 Census) but probably more than 21% of the Welsh population can speak the Welsh Language now in 2010. It is also spoken by several thousand people in the Chubut province of Argentina, as well as by substantial numbers of people scattered around the world. All Welsh speakers old enough to attend school in Wales also speak English, while those in Argentina speak Spanish.

Pronunciation guide

Welsh is a relatively phonetic language, with most letters having only one pronunciation. Complications may arise with the various consonantal digraphs, particularly "dd" which is represented in English as "th" as in "breathe", while "th" is represented in English as "th" as in "think"; "ll" is a famously difficult (and common) sound for non-Welsh speakers to produce - made by positioning the tongue at the top front of the mouth and blowing, and represented here as "lh". "Ch" is always pronounced like the German name "Bach" or the Scottish "loch"; the sound which appears in the English word "church" is represented by "ts".

There are relatively minor pronunciation differences between northern and southern Welsh, most notably that "i" on the one hand and "u" and "y" are two distinct sounds on the other in the north, while in the south these letters are pronounced identically as the sound of "i".

Unless overridden by an accent mark, the stress in Welsh words nearly always falls on the last but one syllable of a word. As syllables get added to words, for example to denote a plural or a female person of a particular occupation, the sound of a word can change dramatically.

Welsh is written in a version of the Latin alphabet containing 28 letters, including 8 digraphs which count as separate letters for collating purposes (and crossword puzzles): a, b, c, ch, d, dd, e, f, ff, g, ng, h, i, l, ll, m, n, o, p, ph, r, rh, s, t, th, u, w, y.

The letters j, v, x and z do not exist in normal Welsh usage, but have been adopted from English for limited use e.g. in personal names. "K" is regarded as redundant in Welsh as the sound is always represented by "c", but it is found in the prefix "kilo-", although "cilo-" is always acceptable.

Grammatically, Welsh is relatively complex with two grammatical genders, masculine and feminine, which all nouns are assigned to, and also masculine and feminine forms of the numbers "two" "three" and "four" which have to match the gender of the object being counted; there are also two separate counting systems, decimal (base 10) and the more traditional vigesimal (base 20). The phenomenon of mutation is a characteristic of the Celtic languages, where the initial letters of words change depending on the grammar of the sentence, which can make tracking words down in a dictionary difficult.

Vowels

Vowels in Welsh can have accent marks, most commonly the circumflex (^), called the to bach (little roof), which lengthens the sound of the vowel, and the acute (´), which shortens it. Occasionally the diaresis appears, dividing two vowel sounds from each other. Vowel sounds tend to resemble those of major continental European languages rather than English.

There are seven vowels in Welsh, which have both short and long forms. The following sounds are only approximations in English:

a 

like "pat" and "father".

e 

like "pet" and "pear".

i 

like "pit" and "machine".

o 

like "pot" and "port".

u 

In South Wales, like "pit" and "machine".

In North Wales, more like a French "u" as in "tu"

w 

like "u" in "put" and "oo" as in "moon".

y 

xxxxxxxxxx

Consonants

b 

like "b" in "bed".

c 

like "c" in "cat".

ch 

like "ch" in German "Bach" or Scottish "loch".

d 

like "d" in "death".

dd 

like "th" in "the".

f 

like "v" in "van".

ff 

like "f" in "fun".

g 

like "g" in "garden".

ng 

like "ng" in "pong". Sometimes, like in "fi"ng"er".

h 

like "h" in "heart".

l 

like "l" in "link".

ll 

place the tongue at the top of the mouth, and blow.

m 

like "m" in "meet".

n 

like "n" in "news".

p 

like "p" in "pen".

ph 

like "ph" in "philosophy".

r 

like "r" in "red" (well rolled, as in Scottish pronunciation).

rh 

an aspirated, breathy "r".

s 

like "s" in "state".

si + vowel (NOT a consonant, but a sound) 

like "sh" in "shore".

t 

like "t" in "time".

th 

like "th" in "think".

Common diphthongs

Only southern forms unless otherwise stated. English approximations are also given.

ae 

like "eye".

ai 

like "eye".

au 

like "aye", with a rounded closing sound. When used as the plural marker, often pronounced "ah" in the north and "eh" in the south.

aw 

like "ow!".

ei 

like "ey" in "hey!"

eu 

like "ey" in "hey!", but with a rounded closing sound.

ew 

like "eh-oo" said quickly.

ey 

like "ey" in "hey!".

iw 

like "you".

oe 

like "oy" in "boy".

oi 

like "oy" in "boy".

ou 

like "oy" in "boy".

uw 

like "you".

wy 

like "oo-ee".

yw 

like "you" (in monosyllables).

yw 

like "uh-oo" (in polysyllabics).

The differences between some of the dipthongs are often very subtle.

Phrase list

Basics

Hello. 

Helo. (Hello)

Hello. (informal) 

S'mae? (s-my? (north) shoo-my? (south))

How are you? (formal)

Sut ydych chi? (north) Shwd ych chi? (south)

How are you? (informal)

Sut wyt ti? (north) Shwd wyt ti? (south)

Fine, thank you. 

iawn, diolch. (yown, dee-ol'ch)

What is your name? (formal) 

Be' ydy'ch enw chi? (bay UHdi'ch ENoo ch'ee?)

What is your name? (informal) : Be' ydy dy enw di? (bay UHdi duh ENoo dee?)

My name is ______ . 

______ ydy f'enw i. (_____ you ven-oo ee.)

Nice to meet you. 

Braf cwrdd â chi. (Brahv corth ah khi)

Please. 

Os gwelwch chi'n dda. ( )

Thank you [very much]. 

Diolch [yn fawr]. (DEE-ol'ch [un vowr])

You're welcome. 

Croeso. (CROY-so)

There are no exact equivalents of "yes" and "no" in Welsh; the concept is conveyed grammatically with regard to agreement between the person and tense by indicating agreement or disagreement e.g. "yes there is" or "no there is not", which is said in different ways depending on how the question was phrased. If the question begins "Oes...?" or "A oes...?" ("Is there...?") then the reply is "oes" or "nac oes"; if the question begins "Ydy...?" ("Is...?") then the reply is "ydy" or "nac ydy" etc

Yes. 

Ie (ee-yeah)

No. 

Na (Nah)

Excuse me. (getting attention) 

Esgusodwch fi. (es-gis-OD-oo'ch vee)

Excuse me. (begging pardon) 

Esgusodwch fi. (es-gis-OD-oo'ch vee)

I'm sorry. 

Mae'n ddrwg gen i. (My uhn th'roog gen ee)

Goodbye (Formal) 

Da bo chi. (Da BO ch'ee)

Goodbye (Informal) 

Hwyl! (hooill)

I can't speak Welsh [well]. 

Alla i ddim siarad Cymraeg [yn dda]. (Alh'a ee thim SHARad kym-RYE-g [uhn tha])

Do you speak English? 

Ydych chi'n siarad Saesneg? (UD-ich ch'een SHARad SAYES-neg?)

Is there someone here who speaks English? 

Oes rhywun yma sy'n siarad Saesneg? (Oyss RHEEW-in UMma seen SHARad SAYES-neg?)

Help! 

Help! (Help)

Look out! 

Hendiwch! (HEN-dyoo'ch!)

Good morning. 

Bore da. (BOR-eh dah)

Good afternoon. 

Prynhawn da. (PRINhaun dah)

Good evening. 

Noswaith dda. (NOSS-why-th thah)

Good night. 

Nos da. (NOHS dah)

Good night (to sleep) 

Nos da. (NOHS dah)

I don't understand. 

Dw i ddim yn ddeall. ( )

Where is the toilet? 

Ble' mae'r ty bach? (Blay my'r tee bahch?)

Problems

Numbers

0 

dim (dim)

1 

un (een)

2 

dau (die) (m); dwy (doo-ey) (f)

3 

tri (tree) (m); tair (tire) (f)

4 

pedwar (PED-war) (m); pedair (PED-ire) (f)

5 

pump (pimp); pum (pim) before a noun

6 

chwech (ch'way'ch); chwe (ch'way)before a noun

7 

saith (sayeth)

8 

wyth (oo-ith)

9 

naw (now)

10 

deg (day-g); deng (deng) before a noun

From this point, the first term is the vigesimal form, the second is the decimal form. Replace "dau", "tri" and "pedwar" with "dwy", "tair", and "pedair" as appropriate.

11 

un ar ddeg (een ar thayg); un deg un

12 

deuddeg (DAY-theg) deuddeng (DAY-theng)before a noun; un deg dau

13 

tri ar ddeg (tree ar thayg); un deg tri

14 

pedwar ar ddeg (PED-war ar thayg); un deg pedwar

15 

pumtheg (PUM-theg); un deg pump

16 

un ar bymtheg (een ar BUM-theg); un deg chwech

17 

dau ar bymtheg (die ar BUM-theg); un deg saith

18 

deunaw (DAY-now); un deg wyth

19 

pedwar ar bymtheg (PED-war ar BUM-theg); un deg naw

20 

ugain (IG-ine); dau ddeg

21 

un ar hugain (een ar IG-ine); dau ddeg un

22 

dau ar hugain (die ar HIG-ine); dau ddeg dau

23 

tri ar hugain (tree ar HIG-ine); dau ddeg tri

30 

deg ar hugain (DAYG ar HIG-ine); tri ddeg

40 

deugain (DAY-gine); pedwar deg

50 

hanner cant (HAN-ner kant); pum deg

60 

trigain (TRIG-ine); chwe deg

70 

deg a thrigain (DAYG ah THRIG-ine); saith deg

80 

pedwar ugain (PED-war IG-ine); wyth deg

90 

deg a phedwar ugain (DAYG ah FED-war IG-ine); naw deg

91 

un ar ddeg a phedwar ugain (een ar thayg ah FED-war IG-ine); naw deg un

100 

cant (KANT); can ( can) before a noun

200 

dau gant (die gant)

300 

tri chant (tree ch'ant)

1000 

mil (meel)

2000 

dwy fil (dooeey meel) (m); dwy fil (doo-ey veel) (f)

1,000,000 

miliwn (MIL-ioon)

number _____ (train, bus, etc.) 

rhif _____ (Rheev)

half 

hanner (HAN-ner)

less 

llai (lhie)

more 

mwy (moo-ee)

Time

now 

rwan (ROO-an); nawr (NOW-r)

later 

hwyrach (HOOIR-ach)

before 

cyn (kin)

after 

wedi (weddy)

morning 

bore (BOR-eh)

in the morning 

yn y fore (un uh VOR-eh)

afternoon 

prynhawn (PRUN-hown) - commonly pronounced p'nown

evening 

min nos (meen nohs); noson (nosson)

in the evening

yn y fin nos (un uh veen nohs)

night 

nos (nohs)

Clock time

one o'clock AM 

un o'r gloch y bore (een oh'r glo'ch uh bor-eh) - 1:00 y.b.; 01:00

two o'clock AM 

dau o'r gloch y bore (die oh'r glo'ch uh bor-eh) - 2:00 y.b.; 02:00

noon 

hanner dydd (HAN-ner DEE-th) - 12:00

one o'clock PM, 13:00 

un o'r gloch y p'nawn (een oh'r glo'ch uh p'nown) - 1:00 y.p.; 13:00

two o'clock PM, 14:00 

dau o'r gloch y p'nawn (die oh'r glo'ch uh p'nown) - 2:00 y.p.; 14:00

quarter to seven, 18:45 

chwarter i saith

quarter past seven, 19:15 

chwarter wedi saith

half past seven, 19:30 

hanner wedi saith

midnight 

hanner nos (HAN-ner nohs)

Duration

_____ minute(s) 

_____ munud(au) (MINNID(ie))

_____ hour(s) 

_____ awr, pl. oriau (our, plural OR-yai)

_____ day(s) 

_____ dydd(iau) (DEEth, plural DUTH-yai)

_____ week(s) 

_____ wythnos(au) (OOITH-noss, plural ooith-NOSS-eye)

_____ month(s) 

_____ mis(au) (mees, plural MIS-eye)

_____ year(s) 

_____ blwyddyn, pl. blynyddau (BLOOITH-in, plural blun-UTH-eye)

daily 

dyddiadol (duh-THIAD-ol)

weekly 

wythnosol (ooith-NOSS-ol)

monthly 

misol (MEES-ol)

yearly 

blynyddol (bluh-NUTH-ol)

Days

today 

heddiw (HETH-you)

yesterday 

ddoe (THOY)

the day before yesterday 

echddoe (ECH-thoy)

tomorrow 

yfory (uh-VOR-ee)

this week 

wythnos hon (WITH-nos hon)

last week 

wythnos olaf (WITH-nos ollav (commonly pronounced "olla'"))

next week 

wythnos nesaf (WITH-nos NESS-av (commonly pronounced "nessa'"))

Sunday 

Dydd Sul (deeth seel)

Monday 

Dydd Llun (deeth lheen)

Tuesday 

Dydd Mawrth (deeth MOW-rth)

Wednesday 

Dydd Mercher (deeth MER-cher)

Thursday 

Dydd Iau (deeth IAI)

Friday 

Dydd Gwener (deeth GWEN-er)

Saturday 

Dydd Sadwrn (deeth SAD-oorn)

Months

January 

Ionawr (ION-our)

February 

Chwefror (CHWEV-ror)

March 

Mawrth (MOWRTH)

April 

Ebrill (EB-rilh)

May 

Mai (MY)

June 

Mehefin (me-HEV-in)

July 

Gorffennaf (gor-FEN-nav)

August 

Awst (OWST)

September 

Medi (MED-ee)

October 

Hydref (HUD-rev)

November 

Tachwedd (TACH-weth)

December 

Rhagfyr (RAG-vir)

Writing time and date

Dates are written day/month/year. So if you see 04-12-2003, you know that's y pedwerydd o Rhagfyr, not April 12. A date (18-12-1963) fully spelled out is y deunawfed o Rhagfyr mil naw chwe' thri (you specify the number of thousands, then the individual number of the hundreds, tens, and units; for years from 2000 onwards say "dwy fil" (two thousand) followed by the significant number, omitting the zeroes - thus 2005 is "dwy fil a pump" (two thousand and five), compared with 1987 which was "mil naw wyth saith" ((one) thousand nine eight seven). Ordinals are

1st - 1af, cyntaf

2nd - 2il, ail

3rd - 3ydd, trydydd

4th - 4ydd, pedwerydd

5th - 5ed, pumed

6th - 6fed or 6ed, chwechfed

7th - 7fed or 7ed, saithfed

8th - 8fed or 8ed, wythfed

9th - 9fed or 9ed, nawfed

10th - 10fed or 10ed, degfed

Times are either written in the 24 hour clock or with hours and minutes separated by a colon or dot and suffixed by "y.b." (y bore) or "y.p." (y p'nawn), equivalent to "a.m." and "p.m.".

Colors

black 

du (dee)

white 

gwyn (m) / gwen (f) (gwin/gwen)

gray 

llwyd (lh'oo-id)

red 

coch (KO'ch)

blue 

glas (glaas) - note that this word is also used to describe the colour of grass.

yellow 

melyn (MELLIN)

green 

gwyrdd (m) / gwerdd (f) (gwirth/gwer'th)

orange 

oren (ORRen)

purple 

porffor or glascoch (POR-for or GLASko'ch)

brown 

brown (brown)

Transportation

Bus and train

How much is a ticket to _____? 

Praint yw tocyn i _____ ? (pry-nt yoo tok-in ee)

One ticket to _____, please. 

Tocyn i _____, os gwelwch yn dda. (tok-in ee ____ oss gwel-ookh un tha)

Where does this train/bus go? 

Ble 'dy trên/bws hon yn mynd? (blay dee train/boos honn yn mind?)

Where is the train/bus to _____? 

Ble mae'r trên/bws i _____ ? (blay mire train/boos i ____)

Does this train/bus stop in _____? 

Ydy'r trên/bws hon yn galw yn _____ ? (Uh deer train/bws honn un ga-loo un _____)

When does the train/bus for _____ leave? 

Pryd mae'r trên/bws i ______ yn ymadael? (preed my-r train/boos i _______ un umm-ad-ile)

When will this train/bus arrive in _____? 

Pryd fydd y trên/bws hon yn cyrraedd _____ ? (preed veeth uh train/boos honn un kurr-ithe _____)

a one-way ticket

tocyn unig

a round trip ticket

tocyn dwy ffordd

Directions

Where is the _____? 

Ble mae'r _____ ? (blay my'r _____)

North 

y Gogledd (uh GOG-leth')

South 

y De (uh DAY)

East 

y Dwyrain (uh DOOY-rine)

West 

y Gorllewin (uh gor-LH'EW-in)

Taxi

Taxi 

Tacsi

Lodging

Hotel 

Gwesty

Bed & Breakfast 

Gwely a Brecwast

Campsite 

Gwersyll, Maes Gwersylla

tent 

pabell (pl: pebyll)

caravan 

carafan

self-catering 

hunan arlwy

Money

Pound 

Punt

Penny 

Ceiniog

Eating

Milk 

Llaeth (south), Llefrith (north)

Bread 

Bara

Chips (fries) 

Sglodion

Fish 

Pysgod

Fish'n'chips 

'Sgod a Sglod

Cheese 

Caws

Sausage 

Selsig

Cake 

Cacen, Teisen

Chocolate 

Siocled

Coffee 

Coffi

Tea 

Te

Water 

Dwr

Bars

Pub 

Tafarn

Cheers (good health) 

Iechyd da

Beer 

Cwrw

Bitter 

Chwerw

Wine 

Gwin

White wine 

Gwin gwyn

Red wine 

Gwin coch

Half a bottle 

haner potel

Crisps (potato chips) 

Creision (Tatws)

Nuts 

Cneu

whisky 

chwisgi

vodka 

fodca

rum 

rym

Shopping

Shops 

Siopau

Shop 

Siop

Dairy 

Llaethdy

Bakery 

Popty

Butcher 

Cigydd

change 

newid

open 

ar agor

closed 

ar gae

buy 

prynu

sell 

gwerthu

Driving

road 

ffordd

motorway 

traffordd

services 

gwasanaethau

car park 

maes parcio

insurance 

yswiriant

accident 

damwain

Is there a petrol station here? 

Oes na orsaf petrol fan hyn?

Where's the road to Pandy? 

Ble mae'r ffordd i'r Pandy?

The road via Gwersyllt is quicker. 

Mae'r ffordd drwy Gwersyllt yn gyflymach.

Try to avoid Cefn-y-Bedd. 

Ceisiwch osgoi Cefn-y-Bedd.

Is there a prettier route to Brymbo? 

Oes ffordd perta i fynd i Frymbo?

Turn left at the old steel works. 

Trowch i'r chwith ger yr hen waith dur.

There's nothing to see there. The Gresford pithead is a housing estate now. 

Does dim byd yna i weld. Mae'r glofa Groesfford yn stad tai rwan.

There's a petrol station in Rossett but Sainsbury's is cheaper. 

Mae na orsaf petrol yn Yr Orsedd ond mae Sainsbury's yn dsiepach

You can park in Heol Hyfryd for free. 

Gewch chi barcio yn Heol Hyfryd am ddim.

Don't park in Bryn Hyfryd it's a rough area. 

Paid a pharcio ym Mryn Hyfryd - mae'n ardal ryff.

Authority

Police 

Heddlu