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| | ==Pronunciation guide== | | ==Pronunciation guide== |
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| − | The Hebrew alphabet consists entirely of consonants, though some can function as vowels. Vowels are indicated with a system of dots and dashes next to the letters, but these are normally omitted except in Bibles and children's books. It is common for words, especially foreign words, to be spelled in more than one way; the ''Abu-l`afia'' Synagogue has five different spellings of its name on its signs. | + | The Hebrew alphabet consists entirely of consonants, though some can function as vowels. Vowels are indicated with a system of dots and dashes next to the letters, but these are normally omitted except in Bibles and children's books. It is common for words, especially foreign words, to be spelled in more than one way; the ''Abu-l`afia'' Synagogue has five different spellings of its name on its signs. |
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| − | The accent is usually on the last syllable; most of the exceptions are segolates (words in which ''segol'', the e-sound, was inserted after the accent), such as ''elef'' "thousand". Some words have a diphthong "ua" or "ia" which is one syllable but sounds like two, like English "oil". This is called ''patta<u>h</u> g-nuva'' "stolen a-sound" and occurs in שבוע ''shavua[`]'' "week", which is accented on the ''-u-.'' | + | The stress is usually on the last syllable; most of the exceptions are segol-ates (words in which ''segol'', the /e/-sound), such as ''elef'' "thousand". Some words have a diphthong "ua" or "ia" which is one syllable but sounds like two, like English "oil". This is called ''pata<u>h</u> gnuva'' "stolen /a/-sound" and occurs in שבוע ''shavua[`]'' "week", which is stressed on the ''-u-.'' |
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| − | In conversational Hebrew, only three (בכפ) are pronounced differently when they contain a ''daghesh''. | + | In conversational Hebrew, only three (בכפ) are pronounced differently when they contain a dot in the center called a ''dagesh''. |
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| − | Five letters (מנצפכ) have a different form at the end of a word (םןץףך, respectively). These are named by adding סופית (''so-FEET'') "final" to the name of the letter, e.g. נון סופית (''noon so-feet'') | + | Five letters (מנצפכ) have a different form at the end of a word (םןץףך, respectively). These are named by adding סופית (''sofit - so-FEET'') "final" to the name of the letter, e.g. נון סופית (''nun sofit - noon so-feet'') |
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| − | The letter ''shin'' is pronounced differently according to the position of the dot over it.
| + | ; <big> א </big> alef (<big>'</big>, a): glottal-stop {{IPA|/ʔ/}} or silent (sometimes used as the letter '''a''' when rendering English in Hebrew) |
| − | | + | ; <big> ב בּ </big> bet, vet (b, v): with a dot like '''''b'''ig''; without a dot like ''mo'''v'''e'' |
| − | | + | ; <big> ג </big> gimel (g) : like '''''g'''o'' |
| − | ; <big> א </big> alef (<big>'</big>, a): glottal-stop {{IPA|/ʔ/}} or silent (sometimes used as the letter '''a''' when rendering English in Hebrew) | + | ; <big> ד </big> dalet (d) : like '''''d'''ark'' |
| − | ; <big> ב בּ </big> bet, vet (b, v): with a dot like '''''b'''ig''; without a dot like ''mo'''v'''e'' | + | ; <big> ה </big> he (h) : like '''''h'''e'' or silent at the end of a word with a preceding ''-a'' or ''-e'' |
| − | ; <big> ג </big> gimel (g) : like '''''g'''o'' | + | ; <big> ו </big> vav (v, o, u) : like '''''v'''iolin''; some dialects pronounce as '''''w'''eek''; also '''''o'''r'' or ''m'''oo'''n'' when used as a vowel |
| − | ; <big> ד </big> dalet (d) : like '''''d'''ark'' | + | ; <big> ז </big> zayin (z) : like '''''z'''oo'' |
| − | ; <big> ה </big> he (h) : like '''''h'''e''; silent at the end of a word with a preceding ''-a'' or ''-e'', unless it has a dot in it | + | ; <big> ח </big> <u>h</u>et (<u>h</u>) : Normally as Scottish '''ch''' in ''lo'''ch''''' and as German ''Ba'''ch''''' {{IPA|/χ/}}. Some people pronounce it as the Arabic '''ح''' {{IPA|/ħ/}} |
| − | ; <big> ו </big> vav (v, o, u) : like '''''v'''iolin''; some dialects pronounce as '''''w'''eek''; also '''''o'''r'' or ''m'''oo'''n'' when used as a vowel | + | ; <big> ט </big> tet (t) : as '''t''' in ''s'''t'''ick'' |
| − | ; <big> ז </big> zayin (z) : like '''''z'''oo'' | + | ; <big> י </big> yud (y, e, i) : like '''''y'''et''; also ''s'''ay''''' or ''hon'''ey''''' when used as a vowel |
| − | ; <big> ח </big> <u>h</u>et (<u>h</u>) : Normally as Scottish '''ch''' in ''lo'''ch''''' and as German ''Ba'''ch''''' {{IPA|/χ/}}. Some people pronounce it as the Arabic '''ح''' {{IPA|[ħ]}} | + | ; <big> כ כּ ך </big> kaf, khaf (k, kh) : with a dot like ''s'''k'''ip''; without a dot like the Scottish '''ch''' in ''lo'''ch''''' and as German ''Ba'''ch''''' {{IPA|/χ/}} |
| − | ; <big> ט </big> tet (t) : as '''t''' in ''s'''t'''ick'' | + | ; <big> ל </big> lamed (l) : like '''''l'''eave'', pronounced more forward in the mouth. |
| − | ; <big> י </big> yud (y, e, i) : like '''''y'''et''; also ''s'''ay''''' or ''hon'''ey''''' when used as a vowel | + | ; <big> מ ם </big> mem (m) : like '''''m'''other'' |
| − | ; <big> כ כּ ך </big> kaf, khaf (k, kh) : with a dot like ''s'''k'''ip''; without a dot like the Scottish '''ch''' in ''lo'''ch''''' and as German ''Ba'''ch''''' {{IPA|/χ/}} | + | ; <big> נ ן </big> nun (n) : like '''''n'''ever'' |
| − | ; <big> ל </big> lamed (l) : like '''''l'''eave'', pronounced more forward in the mouth. | + | ; <big> ס </big> samekh (s) : like '''''s'''ome'' |
| − | ; <big> מ ם </big> mem (m) : like '''''m'''other'' | + | ; <big> ע `</big>ayin (<big>`</big>) : similar to Cockney pronunciation of ''wa'''t'''er'' {{IPA|/ʔ/}} and sometimes silent. Some people pronounce it as a constriction of the throat as in the Arabic '''ع''' {{IPA|/ʕ/}} |
| − | ; <big> נ ן </big> nun (n) : like '''''n'''ever'' | + | ; <big> פ פּ ף </big> peh, feh (p, f) : with a dot like ''s'''p'''oon''; without a dot ''o'''ff''''' |
| − | ; <big> ס </big> samekh (s) : like '''''s'''ome'' | + | ; <big> צ ץ </big> tsadi (ts) : as ''boo'''ts''''' |
| − | ; <big> ע </big> <big>`</big>ayin (<big>`</big>) : similar to Cockney pronunciation of ''wa'''t'''er'' {{IPA|/ʔ/}} and sometimes silent. Some people pronounce it as a constriction of the throat as in the Arabic '''ع''' {{IPA|/ʕ/}} | + | ; <big> ק </big> qof (q) : As in ''s'''k'''ip'' |
| − | ; <big> פ פּ ף </big> peh, feh (p, f) : with a dot like ''u'''p'''on''; without a dot ''o'''ff''''' | + | ; <big> ר </big> resh (r) : pronounced as the French '''r''' {{IPA|[ʁ]}}. Some pronounce it rolled as in Spanish ''bu'''rr'''o'' {{IPA|[r]}} |
| − | ; <big> צ ץ </big> tsadi (ts) : as ''boo'''ts''''' | + | ; <big> שׁ שׂ </big> sin, shin (sh, s) : with a right-hand dot like '''''sh'''oot'' {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, or with a left-hand dot like '''''s'''ee'' |
| − | ; <big> ק </big> qof (q) : As in ''s'''k'''ip'' | + | ; <big> ת </big> tav (t) : as '''t''' in ''s'''t'''ick'' |
| − | ; <big> ר </big> resh (r) : pronounced as the French '''r''' {{IPA|[ʁ]}}. Some pronounce it rolled as in Spanish ''bu'''rr'''o'' {{IPA|[r]}} | + | |
| − | ; <big> שׁ שׂ </big> sin, shin (sh, s) : with a right-hand dot like '''''sh'''oot'' {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, or with a left-hand dot like '''''s'''ee'' | + | |
| − | ; <big> ת </big> tav (t) : as '''t''' in ''s'''t'''ick'' | + | |
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| | Adding an apostrophe (''geresh'') to some letters may change their sounds. | | Adding an apostrophe (''geresh'') to some letters may change their sounds. |
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| − | ; <big> <span dir="rtl"> ג' </span> </big> : as '''j''' in '''''j'''am'' {{IPA|[dʒ]}} | + | ; <big> <span dir="rtl"> ג' </span> </big> : as '''j''' in '''''j'''am'' {{IPA|[dʒ]}} |
| − | ; <big> <span dir="rtl"> ז' </span> </big> : as '''s''' in ''plea'''s'''ure'' {{IPA|[ʒ]}} | + | ; <big> <span dir="rtl"> ז' </span> </big> : as '''s''' in ''plea'''s'''ure'' {{IPA|[ʒ]}} |
| − | ; <big> <span dir="rtl"> צ' ץ' </span> </big> (tsh) : as '''ch''' in '''''ch'''at'' {{IPA|[tʃ]}} | + | ; <big> <span dir="rtl"> צ' ץ' </span> </big> (tsh) : as '''ch''' in '''''ch'''at'' {{IPA|[tʃ]}} |
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| | ==Phrase list== | | ==Phrase list== |
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| | {{infobox|Common signs| | | {{infobox|Common signs| |
| − | ; OPEN - פתוח:
| + | OPEN - פתוח (''patua<u>h</u> - pah-TU-akh'')<br /> |
| − | ; CLOSED - סגור:
| + | CLOSED - סגור (''sagur - sah-GUR'')<br /> |
| − | ; ENTRANCE - כניסה:
| + | ENTRANCE - כניסה (''knisah - k-nee-SAH'')<br /> |
| − | ; EXIT - יציאה:
| + | EXIT - יציאה (''yetsi'ah - yet-see-AH'')<br /> |
| − | ; PUSH - דחוף:
| + | PUSH - דחוף (''d<u>h</u>of - d-KHOF'')<br /> |
| − | ; PULL - משוך:
| + | PULL - משוך (''msho<u>h</u> - m-SHOKH'')<br /> |
| − | ; TOILET - שרותים:
| + | TOILET - שרותים (''sherutim - sher-oo-TEEM'')<br /> |
| − | ; MEN - גברים:
| + | MEN - גברים (''gvarim - g-va-REEM'')<br /> |
| − | ; WOMEN - נשים:
| + | WOMEN - נשים (''nashim - nah-SHEEM'')<br /> |
| − | ; FORBIDDEN - אסור:}}
| + | FORBIDDEN - אסור (''asur - ah-SOOR'')}} |
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| | ;Hello. (Peace) : .שלום (''shalom - shah-LOHM'')<br>The Hebrew greeting, literally "peace." The English "Hi" is also used. | | ;Hello. (Peace) : .שלום (''shalom - shah-LOHM'')<br>The Hebrew greeting, literally "peace." The English "Hi" is also used. |
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| | ;How are you? (What's your wellbeing/peace?)- addressing to a woman. :‫מה שלומך?‬ (''mah shlomekh? - mah shloh-MEKH'') | | ;How are you? (What's your wellbeing/peace?)- addressing to a woman. :‫מה שלומך?‬ (''mah shlomekh? - mah shloh-MEKH'') |
| | ;How are you? (What's being heard?). :‫מה נשמע?‬ (''mah nishma[`]? - mah nish-MAH'') | | ;How are you? (What's being heard?). :‫מה נשמע?‬ (''mah nishma[`]? - mah nish-MAH'') |
| − | ;What's up? (What's happening?). : ?מה קורה (''mah kore? - mah kor-EH'') | + | ;What's up? (What's happening?). : ?מה קורה (''mah koreh? - mah kor-EH'') |
| | + | ;What's up #2? (What's the business?). : ?מה העיניינים (''mah ha-`inyanim? - mah ha-`in-ya-NIM?'') |
| | ; Thank you. : .תודה (''todah - toh-DAH'') | | ; Thank you. : .תודה (''todah - toh-DAH'') |
| | ; Please/ You're welcome. : .בבקשה (''bevakashah - be-vah-kuh-SHAH'') | | ; Please/ You're welcome. : .בבקשה (''bevakashah - be-vah-kuh-SHAH'') |
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| | ; What is your name? (said to a man). : ?מה שמך (''ma shimkha'') | | ; What is your name? (said to a man). : ?מה שמך (''ma shimkha'') |
| | ; What is your name? (said to a woman). : ?מה שמך (''ma shmekh'') | | ; What is your name? (said to a woman). : ?מה שמך (''ma shmekh'') |
| − | ; My name is... : שמי ("shmi") | + | ; My name is... : שמי (''shmi'') |
| | + | ; My name is #2 (literally: I am called...) : קוראים לי (''kor'im li - kor-'EEM lee ...'') |
| | + | ; How much is it?: כמה זה? (''kamah zeh? - KA-mah zeh'') |
| | + | ; Cash : מזומן ("me-zu-MAN") |
| | + | ; Cash only : מזומן בלבד (''mezuman bi-lvad - me-zu-MAN beel-VAD''); |
| | + | ; Credit : אשראי (''ashra'i - ash-RA-'ee''); |
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| | ===Pronouns (כינויי גוף ''kinuye guf'')=== | | ===Pronouns (כינויי גוף ''kinuye guf'')=== |
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| | ; 1 :אחת (''a<u>h</u>at - ah-KHAT'') | | ; 1 :אחת (''a<u>h</u>at - ah-KHAT'') |
| | ; 2 :שתיים (''shtayim - SHTAH-yeem'') | | ; 2 :שתיים (''shtayim - SHTAH-yeem'') |
| − | ; 3 :שלש (''shalosh - shah-LOSH'') | + | ; 3 :שלוש (''shalosh - shah-LOSH'') |
| | ; 4 :ארבע (''arba[`] - AHR-bah'') | | ; 4 :ארבע (''arba[`] - AHR-bah'') |
| | ; 5 :חמש (''<u>h</u>amesh - khah-MESH'') | | ; 5 :חמש (''<u>h</u>amesh - khah-MESH'') |
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| | ; December : דצמבר ("Detsember") | | ; December : דצמבר ("Detsember") |
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| − | For holidays and events, Israeli Jews and Jews worldwide use a lunisolar calendar, in which the month begins at the new moon and a thirteenth month is added every few years. The months with Tishrei (Sept.-Oct.) and run through Elul (August-September); thus Elul 5760 is followed by Tishrei 5761. Besides meaning "spring" and "Nisan", "Aviv" is also the name of a stage that the growth of barley reaches at that time. | + | For holidays and events, Israeli Jews and Jews worldwide use a lunisolar calendar, in which the month begins at the new moon and a thirteenth month is added every few years. The months start with Tishrei (Sept.-Oct.) and run through Elul (August-September); thus Elul 5760 is followed by Tishrei 5761. "Aviv," the word for "spring," is sometimes substituted for "Nisan" and is also the name of a stage that the growth of barley reaches at that time. |
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| | ; Tishrei : תשרי (''tishrey - tish-REY'') | | ; Tishrei : תשרי (''tishrey - tish-REY'') |
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| | ; red : אדום (''adom - a-DOM'') | | ; red : אדום (''adom - a-DOM'') |
| | ; blue : כחול (''ka<u>h</u>ol - ka-KHOL'') | | ; blue : כחול (''ka<u>h</u>ol - ka-KHOL'') |
| − | ; yellow : צהוב (''tsahov - tza-HOV'') | + | ; yellow : צהוב (''tsahov - tsa-HOV'') |
| | ; green : ירוק (''yaroq - ya-ROK'') | | ; green : ירוק (''yaroq - ya-ROK'') |
| | ; orange : כתום (''katom - ka-TOM'') | | ; orange : כתום (''katom - ka-TOM'') |
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| | ; Where does this train/bus go? : ?לאן הרכבת הזאת נוסעת?/לאן האוטובוס הזה נוסע (''le'an harakevet hazot nosa`at?/le'an ha'otobus haze nosea[`]? - le'anleAN haraKEvet haZOT noSA`at?/leAN haOtobus haZE noSEa?'') | | ; Where does this train/bus go? : ?לאן הרכבת הזאת נוסעת?/לאן האוטובוס הזה נוסע (''le'an harakevet hazot nosa`at?/le'an ha'otobus haze nosea[`]? - le'anleAN haraKEvet haZOT noSA`at?/leAN haOtobus haZE noSEa?'') |
| | ; Where is the train/bus to _____? : ?___איפה הרכבת ל___?/איפה האוטובוס ל (''eifoh harakevet le___?/eifoh ha'otobus le___? - EIfo haraKEvet le___?/EIfo haOtobus le___?'') | | ; Where is the train/bus to _____? : ?___איפה הרכבת ל___?/איפה האוטובוס ל (''eifoh harakevet le___?/eifoh ha'otobus le___? - EIfo haraKEvet le___?/EIfo haOtobus le___?'') |
| − | ; Does this train/bus stop in _____? : הרכבת הזאת עוצרת ב___?/האוטובוס הזה עוצר ב(''harakevet hazot `otseret be___?/ha'otobus haze `otser be___? - haraKEvet haZOT oTZEret be___?/haOtobus haZE oTZER be___?'') | + | ; Does this train/bus stop in _____? : הרכבת הזאת עוצרת ב___?/האוטובוס הזה עוצר ב(''harakevet hazot `otseret be___?/ha'otobus haze `otser be___? - haraKEvet haZOT oTSEret be___?/haOtobus haZE oTSER be___?'') |
| − | ; When does the train/bus for _____ leave? : מתי יוצאת הרכבת ל___?/מתי יוצא האוטובוס ל (''matai yotset harakevet le___?/matai yotse ha'otobus le___? - maTAI yoTZET haraKEvet le___?/maTAI yoTZE haOtobus le___?'') | + | ; When does the train/bus for _____ leave? : מתי יוצאת הרכבת ל___?/מתי יוצא האוטובוס ל (''matai yotset harakevet le___?/matai yotse ha'otobus le___? - maTAI yoTSET haraKEvet le___?/maTAI yoTSE haOtobus le___?'') |
| | ; When will this train/bus arrive in _____? : מתי הרכבת הזאת מגיעה ל___?/מתי האוטובוס הזה מגיע ל (''matai harakevet hazot magi`ah le___? matai ha'otobus haze magia[`] le___? - maTAI haraKEvet haZOT magi`A le___?/maTAI haOtobus haZE magi`A le___?'') | | ; When will this train/bus arrive in _____? : מתי הרכבת הזאת מגיעה ל___?/מתי האוטובוס הזה מגיע ל (''matai harakevet hazot magi`ah le___? matai ha'otobus haze magia[`] le___? - maTAI haraKEvet haZOT magi`A le___?/maTAI haOtobus haZE magi`A le___?'') |
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| | ; before the _____ : לפני ה (''lifney ha___ - lifNEY'') | | ; before the _____ : לפני ה (''lifney ha___ - lifNEY'') |
| | ; Watch for the _____. : חפש את ה (''<u>h</u>apes et ha___ - khaPES et ha___'') | | ; Watch for the _____. : חפש את ה (''<u>h</u>apes et ha___ - khaPES et ha___'') |
| − | ; intersection : צומת (''tsomet - TZOmet'') | + | ; intersection : צומת (''tsomet - TSOmet'') |
| − | ; north : צפון (''tsafon - tzaFON'') | + | ; north : צפון (''tsafon - tsaFON'') |
| | ; south : דרום (''darom - daROM'') | | ; south : דרום (''darom - daROM'') |
| | ; east : מזרח (''mizra<u>h</u> - mizRAKH'') | | ; east : מזרח (''mizra<u>h</u> - mizRAKH'') |
The Hebrew alphabet consists entirely of consonants, though some can function as vowels. Vowels are indicated with a system of dots and dashes next to the letters, but these are normally omitted except in Bibles and children's books. It is common for words, especially foreign words, to be spelled in more than one way; the Abu-l`afia Synagogue has five different spellings of its name on its signs.
The stress is usually on the last syllable; most of the exceptions are segol-ates (words in which segol, the /e/-sound), such as elef "thousand". Some words have a diphthong "ua" or "ia" which is one syllable but sounds like two, like English "oil". This is called patah gnuva "stolen /a/-sound" and occurs in שבוע shavua[`] "week", which is stressed on the -u-.
In conversational Hebrew, only three (בכפ) are pronounced differently when they contain a dot in the center called a dagesh.
Five letters (מנצפכ) have a different form at the end of a word (םןץףך, respectively). These are named by adding סופית (sofit - so-FEET) "final" to the name of the letter, e.g. נון סופית (nun sofit - noon so-feet)
Hebrew verbs conjugate according to the gender of the sentence's subject: different verb forms must thus be used when referring to men and women. These have been noted below when appropriate.
Except for Shabbat, these are ordinal numbers. But both these and the names of the first 6 letters in the Hebrew Alfa-Beit are used.
In everyday life, most Israelis use the Gregorian Calendar. The month names pronunciation resembles Central-European (e.g. German) pronunciation.
For holidays and events, Israeli Jews and Jews worldwide use a lunisolar calendar, in which the month begins at the new moon and a thirteenth month is added every few years. The months start with Tishrei (Sept.-Oct.) and run through Elul (August-September); thus Elul 5760 is followed by Tishrei 5761. "Aviv," the word for "spring," is sometimes substituted for "Nisan" and is also the name of a stage that the growth of barley reaches at that time.
In many places in Israel such as Tel Aviv, there are non-kosher restaurants that will open on Shabbat and will serve non-kosher food (e.g. the restaurant serves both meat and milk dishes). Comparatively few places serve non-kosher food items like pork.
In some religious villages and small towns there are very few if any places that open on Shabbat.
