|
|
| (29 intermediate revisions by 11 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | {{style}}
| + | '''Dzongkha''' is the national language of [[Bhutan]]. It has about 160.000 native speakers and about 470.000 second language speakers. It's mainly spoken in the districts Thimpu, Paro, Haa, Chukha, Wangdue Phodrang, Punakha and Gasa. Dzongkha is the most common language in the west of Bhutan, Tshangla in the east. |
| − | | + | |
| − | '''Dzongkha''' is the national language of [[Bhutan]]. | + | |
| | | | |
| | ==Pronunciation guide== | | ==Pronunciation guide== |
| | + | Dzongkha uses the Tibetan writing system. There are 5 vowels (a, e, i, o and u) and 30 consonants. |
| | | | |
| | ===Vowels=== | | ===Vowels=== |
| | + | Vowels are shown with vowel symbols.<br/> |
| | + | There are 4 vowel symbols:<br/> |
| | + | a - ཨ (without a symbol it is "a")<br/> |
| | + | e - ཨེ<br/> |
| | + | i - ཨི<br/> |
| | + | o - ཨོ<br/> |
| | + | u - ཨུ<br/> |
| | + | <br/> |
| | + | There is only 1 vowel per syllable. Syllables are seperated with a "Tsheg", which looks like this: ་<br/> |
| | + | The syllables follow an easy pattern:<br/> |
| | + | ཀ་ = Ka<br/> |
| | + | ཀི་ = Ki<br/> |
| | + | ཀིད་ = Kid<br/> |
| | + | ཀི་ད་ = Kida<br/> |
| | + | ཀི་དེ་ = Kide<br/> |
| | + | ཀི་དེབ་ = Kideb<br/> |
| | + | <br/> |
| | + | (By the way: "Kideb" means "notebook".)<br/> |
| | | | |
| | ===Consonants=== | | ===Consonants=== |
| − | | + | There are 30 consonants.<br/> |
| − | ===Common diphthongs=== | + | ཀ (ka) ཁ (kha*) ག (ga) ང (nga)<br/> |
| | + | ཅ (cha) ཆ (chha*) ཇ (ja) ཉ (nya)<br/> |
| | + | ཏ (ta) ཐ (tha*) ད (da) ན (na)<br/> |
| | + | པ (pa) ཕ (pha*) བ (ba) མ (ma)<br/> |
| | + | ཙ (tsa) ཚ (tsha*) ཛ (dza)<br/> |
| | + | ཝ (wa) ཞ (zha*) ཟ (za)<br/> |
| | + | འ ('a) ཡ (ya) ར (ra) ལ (la)<br/> |
| | + | ཤ (sha) ས (sa)<br/> |
| | + | ཧ (ha) ཨ (a)<br/> |
| | + | <br/> |
| | + | <nowiki>*</nowiki> = These letters are pronounced like the one before, but with a harder breath.<br/> |
| | + | 'a = A short break.<br/> |
| | + | a = Silent consonant. Used, when there is no consonant needed, like in the word ཨ་པ (apa), which is "father".<br/> |
| | | | |
| | ==Phrase list== | | ==Phrase list== |
| | | | |
| − | | + | ===Basics=== |
| | + | ; Hello. (formal) : Kuzu zangpo la. |
| | + | ; Hello. (informal) : Kuzu zangpo. |
| | + | ; Nice to meet you. : Nga choe da choebay sem gai. |
| | + | ; How are you? : Gaday bay Zhu Ga? |
| | + | ; I'm fine. : Legshom. (Layshom) |
| | + | ; What is your name? : Chhoe gi ming ga chi mo? |
| | + | ; My name is _____. : Nge gi ming _____ in. |
| | + | ; I am from ____. : Nga ____ lay in. |
| | + | ; Thank you. : Kadrin chhe. |
| | + | ; See you later! (informal) : Shu lay log jay ge! |
| | + | ; Where? : Gathey? |
| | + | ; How much? : Gademchi? |
| | | | |
| | ===Problems=== | | ===Problems=== |
| | + | ; What is the Problem? : Choe gi Ka Ngyel ga chi mo? |
| | + | |
| | + | ; Where is the Bank? : Ngyul Khang Ga teey mo? |
| | | | |
| | ===Numbers=== | | ===Numbers=== |
| − | | + | Dzongkha has its own digits. |
| − | ; 1 : chi | + | The system works like the English digit system, so 2012 = ༢༠༡༢ |
| − | ; 2 : nyi | + | ; 1 (༡) : chi |
| − | ; 3 : sum | + | ; 2 (༢) : nyi |
| − | ; 4 : zhi | + | ; 3 (༣) : sum |
| − | ; 5 : nga | + | ; 4 (༤) : zhi |
| − | ; 6 : dru | + | ; 5 (༥) : nga |
| − | ; 7 : duen | + | ; 6 (༦) : dru |
| − | ; 8 : gay | + | ; 7 (༧) : duen |
| − | ; 9 : gu | + | ; 8 (༨) : gay |
| − | ; 10 : chu tham | + | ; 9 (༩) : gu |
| − | ; 11 : chu chi | + | ; 10 (༡༠) : chu tham |
| − | ; 12 : chu nyi | + | ; 11 (༡༡) : chu chi |
| | + | ; 12 (༡༢) : chu nyi |
| | | | |
| | ===Time=== | | ===Time=== |
| | | | |
| | ====Clock time==== | | ====Clock time==== |
| − | chu tsoed=time
| + | ; time : (...) |
| − | o'clock: bazaar | + | ; o'clock : bazaar |
| − | 8 o clock: bazaar gyed | + | ; 8 o'clock : bazaar gyed |
| | | | |
| | ====Duration==== | | ====Duration==== |
| − | | + | ; _____ minute(s) : karma _____ |
| − | duration : dhuetsey
| + | ; _____ hour(s) : ganta _____ |
| | + | ; _____ day(s) : zha _____ |
| | + | ; _____ week(s) : duenthrak _____ |
| | + | ; _____ month(s) : daw _____ |
| | + | ; _____ year(s) : lho _____ |
| | | | |
| | ====Days==== | | ====Days==== |
| − | | + | ; Monday : Migmar |
| − | Monday- Migmar | + | ; Tuesday : Lhakpa |
| − | Tuesday- Lhagpa | + | ; Wednesday : Phurbu |
| − | Wednesday- Phurbu | + | ; Thursday : Pasang |
| − | Thursday-Pasang | + | ; Friday : Pemba |
| − | Friday- Pemba | + | ; Saturday : Nima |
| − | Saturday- Nima | + | ; Sunday : Dawa |
| − | Sunday- Dawa | + | |
| | | | |
| | ====Months==== | | ====Months==== |
| | + | ; January : indha dangpa |
| | + | ; February : indha nyipa |
| | + | ; March : indha sumpa |
| | + | ; April : indha zhipa |
| | + | ; May : indha ngapa |
| | + | ; June : indha drupa |
| | + | ; July : indha duenpa |
| | + | ; August : indha gaypa |
| | + | ; September : indha gupa |
| | + | ; October : indha chuthampa |
| | + | ; November : indha chuchimpa |
| | + | ; December : indha chunyepa<br/> |
| | | | |
| − | january- indha dangpa
| + | <nowiki>(Note: For the months of lunar claender the prefix is '''rangda''', '''indha''' is used for the months of the international calender.)</nowiki> |
| − | feb- indha nyipa
| + | |
| − | mar-indha sumpa, indha zhipa, indha ngapa, indha drukpa, indha duenpa, indha gyepa, indha gupa and indha chunyepa for December
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | note: for the months of lunar claender the prefix is rangda, indha is used for the months of international calender
| + | |
| | | | |
| | ====Writing time and date==== | | ====Writing time and date==== |
| | + | ; Thursday, 2nd february, 2012 : Pasang, indha nyipa 2, 2012 |
| | | | |
| | ===Colors=== | | ===Colors=== |
| | + | ; Green : Changkha |
| | + | ; Red : Marp |
| | + | ; White : Karp |
| | + | ; Blue : Hoem |
| | + | ; Black : Naap |
| | + | ; Yellow : Serp |
| | + | ; Orange : Leewang |
| | | | |
| − | Green- Changkha
| + | ===Animals=== |
| − | Red- Marp
| + | ; bird : Ji chu |
| − | White- Karp
| + | ; cat : Ji ley |
| − | Blue- Hoem
| + | ; chicken : Jum |
| − | Black- Naap
| + | ; cow : No |
| − | Yellow- Serp
| + | ; dog : Ro che |
| − | Orange- Leewang
| + | ; fish : Na |
| | + | ; frog : Bab |
| | + | ; horse : Ta |
| | + | ; pig : Phab |
| | + | ; turtle : Ru bel |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| Line 84: |
Line 152: |
| | Identified by the yellow top(hood) and BT registration affixed before the number. | | Identified by the yellow top(hood) and BT registration affixed before the number. |
| | | | |
| − | Taxi : la khor | + | ; Taxi : La khor |
| − | Fare : la | + | ; Fare : La |
| − | how much : ga day chi mo
| + | ; How much? : Ga day chi mo? |
| | | | |
| | ===Lodging=== | | ===Lodging=== |
| | | | |
| | ===Money=== | | ===Money=== |
| − | How much is this/it ? Ngultrum ga they chi mo | + | ; How much is this/it? : Ngultrum ga they chi mo? |
| | | | |
| | ===Eating=== | | ===Eating=== |
| | | | |
| − | Meal : Toh /zhay go | + | ; Meal : Toh /zhay go |
| | | | |
| − | eating : shay go za ni | + | ; eating : shay go za ni |
| | | | |
| − | delicious : zhim bay | + | ; delicious : zhim bay |
| | | | |
| − | bitter ; khag ta
| + | ; bitter : khag ta |
| | | | |
| − | sweet : ngam | + | ; sweet : ngam |
| | | | |
| − | sour ; chup
| + | ; sour : chup |
| | | | |
| − | Water ; chu
| + | ; Water : chu |
| | | | |
| − | Tea : ja | + | ; Tea : ja |
| | | | |
| − | Curry : tsoem | + | ; Curry : tsoem |
| | | | |
| − | Soup :thup | + | ; Soup : thup |
| | | | |
| − | Chilly : ema | + | ; Chilly : ema |
| | | | |
| − | Cheese :datsi | + | ; Cheese : datsi |
| | | | |
| − | cook : toh bey ni | + | ; cook : toh bey ni |
| | | | |
| − | eat : zhey | + | ; eat : zhey |
| | + | |
| | + | ; Dry Chilli : ema kam |
| | + | |
| | + | ; Potato : kewa |
| | | | |
| | ===Bars=== | | ===Bars=== |
| | | | |
| − | Alcoholic Beverage : Changg | + | ; Alcoholic Beverage : Changg |
| | | | |
| − | Bar : Changkhang | + | ; Bar : Changkhang |
| | | | |
| − | Tip : soera | + | ; Tip : Soera |
| | | | |
| − | Whats the bill : Ga de chi mo
| + | ; What's the bill? : Ga de chi mo? |
| | | | |
| − | I am drunk : changg dang so ye | + | ; I am drunk. : Changg dang so ye. |
| | | | |
| − | Water : chu | + | ; Water : Chu |
| | | | |
| − | Local Drink : Ara | + | ; Local Drink : Ara |
| | | | |
| − | It is strong(spirit) : ah ni gag tra du | + | ; It is strong. (spirit) : Ah ni gag tra du. |
| | | | |
| − | It is mild : lha si si du | + | ; It is mild. : Lha si si du. |
| | | | |
| | ===Shopping=== | | ===Shopping=== |
| | | | |
| − | shop : tsongkhang
| + | ; Shop : Tsongkhang |
| | | | |
| − | how much : ga de chi mo?
| + | ; How much? : Ga de chi mo? |
| | | | |
| − | discount please : gong phab nang
| + | ; Discount please! : Gong phab nang! |
| | | | |
| | ===Driving=== | | ===Driving=== |
| | | | |
| − | Car : Numkhor | + | ; Car : Numkhor |
| | + | |
| | + | ; Drive : Numkhor tang ni |
| | + | |
| | + | ; Licence : Lak Kher |
| | + | |
| | + | ; Police : thrim sung |
| | + | |
| | + | ; Road : Lam |
| | | | |
| − | Drive : Numkhor tang ni
| + | ; High speed : joba joba shuk bay tang |
| | | | |
| − | Licence : Lak Kher
| + | ; Low speed : drogay bay tang |
| | | | |
| − | Police : thrim sung
| + | ; Please take caution! (driving) : Reb drim di tang! |
| | | | |
| − | Road : Lam
| + | ; Let's go! : Jogay! |
| | | | |
| − | High speed : joba joba shuk bay tang
| + | ; stop : numkor kag nang |
| | | | |
| − | Low speed : drogay bay tang
| + | ; risky : ngyen khag |
| | | | |
| − | please take caution(driving) : reb drim di tang
| + | ===Love=== |
| | | | |
| − | Lets go : jogay
| + | ; I love you : Nga gi che lu ga. |
| | | | |
| − | stop ; numkor kag nang
| + | ; I can't stay without you : Nga che me pa me cha bay. |
| | | | |
| − | Risky : ngyen khag
| + | ; I will make you a phone call. : Nga gi che lu juthen tang gay. |
| | | | |
| − | ===Authority===
| + | ; Do you remember me? : Che nga dem mey ga? |
| | | | |
| − | {{outlinephrasebook}}
| + | ; You're so beautiful! : Che namay samay jarim dhu! |
Dzongkha uses the Tibetan writing system. There are 5 vowels (a, e, i, o and u) and 30 consonants.
Vowels are shown with vowel symbols.
There are 4 vowel symbols:
a - ཨ (without a symbol it is "a")
e - ཨེ
i - ཨི
o - ཨོ
u - ཨུ
There is only 1 vowel per syllable. Syllables are seperated with a "Tsheg", which looks like this: ་
The syllables follow an easy pattern:
ཀ་ = Ka
ཀི་ = Ki
ཀིད་ = Kid
ཀི་ད་ = Kida
ཀི་དེ་ = Kide
ཀི་དེབ་ = Kideb
(By the way: "Kideb" means "notebook".)
There are 30 consonants.
ཀ (ka) ཁ (kha*) ག (ga) ང (nga)
ཅ (cha) ཆ (chha*) ཇ (ja) ཉ (nya)
ཏ (ta) ཐ (tha*) ད (da) ན (na)
པ (pa) ཕ (pha*) བ (ba) མ (ma)
ཙ (tsa) ཚ (tsha*) ཛ (dza)
ཝ (wa) ཞ (zha*) ཟ (za)
འ ('a) ཡ (ya) ར (ra) ལ (la)
ཤ (sha) ས (sa)
ཧ (ha) ཨ (a)
* = These letters are pronounced like the one before, but with a harder breath.
'a = A short break.
a = Silent consonant. Used, when there is no consonant needed, like in the word ཨ་པ (apa), which is "father".
Dzongkha has its own digits.
The system works like the English digit system, so 2012 = ༢༠༡༢
(Note: For the months of lunar claender the prefix is '''rangda''', '''indha''' is used for the months of the international calender.)
Identified by the yellow top(hood) and BT registration affixed before the number.
