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Sprachführer Georgisch

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

Georgian (Kartuli) is the official language of Georgia and the country's most widely spoken language, used on all street signs and in all aspects of everyday life. There are about 4.1 million people who speak Georgian on a daily basis: ~3.9 million living in Georgia and the rest living abroad, notably in Russia. Georgian uses one of the world's 12 unique alphabets, Mkhedruli—"that of the warrior." Georgian (Kartuli) is related to three other languages, all spoken within Georgia and Northeastern Turkey: Megreli, Svan, and Laz.

[bearbeiten] Pronunciation guide

Yes, Georgian pronunciation is difficult for foreigners, but certainly nowhere near as impossible as its reputation would suggest. Try not to get bogged down by the exotic consonants and tongue-twisting consonant clusters; truly almost nothing will please Georgians more than your efforts to speak their language and they will be very patient with your attempts!

Also on the positive side, there are no capital letters in Georgian; no need to memorize two characters per letter! Moreover, Georgian is phonetically regular—letters are always pronounced exactly as written. Lastly, it is an unstressed language—each syllable receives equal weight. If you are not used to speaking an unstressed language, approximate the sound by placing stress on the first syllable of the word. But don't "stress" out about this—you will be understood!

[bearbeiten] Vowels

If you are familiar with Spanish, Georgian vowel sounds are very similar.

ა ah: like car
ე eh: like pet
ი ee: like knee
ო oh: like doh!
უ oo: like boot

[bearbeiten] Consonants

ბ b: like bat
გ g: like go
დ d: like dog
ვ v/w: in between v as in very and w as in weary
ზ z: like zoo
თ t: like tip
კ k': see Tricky consonants
ლ l: like love
მ m: like mint
ნ n: like nose
პ p': see Tricky consonants
ჟ zh: like pleasure
რ r: rolled as in spanish roja
ს s: like sad
ტ t': see Tricky consonants
ფ p: like poof
ქ k: like kick
ღ gh: pronounced similar to a french r as in bonjour; alternatively, like a voiced kh
ყ q': see Tricky consonants
შ sh: like shoot
ჩ ch: like chimp
ც ts: like hot sauce
ძ dz: foods
წ ts': see Tricky consonants
ჭ ch': see Tricky consonants
ხ kh: pronounced like Scottish loch or German Bach
ჯ j: like jump
ჰ h: like hot

[bearbeiten] Tricky consonants

Georgian distinguishes between aspirated and non-aspirated (ejective) consonants. An aspirated consonant is accompanied by a puff of air when you say it. In Georgian, there is even more of a "puff" of air for aspirated consonants than you would hear in English.

A non-aspirated consonant in Georgian, however, actually contains no puff of air whatsoever. Georgians close the back of their throat, similar to what you do before you cough or the closed throat moment between uh and oh in "uh-oh." They then pronounce the non-aspirated consonants without any exhalation at all. Don't worry if you have trouble producing this type of sound, though, in context you will be understood! Non-aspirated consonants are marked above with an apostrophe.

Georgian Aspirated & Non-Aspirated Consonants
English approximation	t	p	k	ch	ts
Aspirated consonant	თ	ფ	ქ	ჩ	ც
Non-aspirated consonant	ტ	პ	კ	ჭ	წ

Finally, the Georgian letter ყ is difficult for most Westerners to pronounce. It is similar to the Arabic "qaf" (ﻕ). To pronounce this letter, try to pronounce the English letter k, only way down at the bottom of your throat. The Georgian ყ is non-aspirated.

[bearbeiten] Common diphthongs

Dipthongs do not exist in Georgian—every vowel is given equal weight and every syllable has only one vowel.

[bearbeiten] Phrase list

[bearbeiten] Basics

Hello.: გამარჯობათ. (gah-mahr-joh-baht)
Hello. (informal): გამარჯობა. (ga-mahr-joh-bah)
How are you?: როგორა ხართ? (roh-goh-rah khahrt?)
Fine, thank you.: კარგად, გმადლობთ. (k'ahr-gahd, mahd-lohbt)
What is your name?: რა გკვიათ? (rah gk'vee-ahd?)
My name is ______ .: ჩემი სახელია ______ . (cheh-mee sah-kheh-lee-ah _____ .)
Nice to meet you.: ძალიან სასიამოვნოა. (dzah-lee-ahn sah-see-ah-mohv-nee-ah)
Please.: თუ შეიძლება. (tu sheh-eedz-leh-bah)
Thank you.: გმადლობთ. (gmahd-lohbt)
You're welcome.: არაფრის. (ah-rah-prees)
Yes (formal).: დიახ. (dee-akh)
Yes (neutral).: კი (k'ee)
Yes (informal).: ჰო or ხო (hoh or khoh)
No.: არა. (ah-rah)
Excuse me. (getting attention): უკაცრავად. (oo-k'ahts-rah-vahd)
Excuse me. (begging pardon): ბოდიში. (boh-dee-shee)
I'm sorry.: ბოდიში. (boh-dee-shee)
Goodbye: ნახვამდის. (nakh-vahm-dees)
I can't speak "Georgian" [well].: "ქართული ენა" არ [კარგად] ვიცი. ( kahr-too-lee eh-nah ahr [k'ahr-gahd] vee-tsee)
Do you speak English?: ინგლისური იცით? (eeng-glee-soo-ree ee-tseet?)
Do you speak Russian?: რუსული იცით? (roo-soo-lee ee-tseet?)
Is there someone here who speaks English?: ? ( ?)
Help!: დამეხმარეთ! (dah-meh-khmah-reht!)
Look out!: ! ( !)
Good morning.: დილა მშვიდობისა. (dee-lah mshvee-doh-bee-sah)
Good evening.: საღამო მშვიდობისა. (sah-ghah-moh mshvee-doh-bee-sah)
Good night.: ღამე მშვიდობისა. (ghah-meh mshvee-doh-bee-sah)
Good night (to sleep): . ( )
I don't understand.: ვერ გავიგე. (vehr gah-vee-geh)
Where is the toilet?: სად არის ტუალეტი? (sahd ah-rees t'oo-ah-leh-t'ee?)

[bearbeiten] Problems

Go away!: წადი! (ts'ah-dee!)

[bearbeiten] Numbers

1: ერთი (ehr-tee)
2: ორი (oh-ree)
3: სამი (sah-mee)
4: ოთხი (oht-khee)
5: ხუთი (khoo-tee)
6: ექვსი (ehk-vsee)
7: შვიდი (shvee-dee)
8: რვა (rvah)
9: ცხრა (tskhrah)
10: ათი (ah-tee)
11: თერთმეტი (tehrt-meh-t'ee)
12: თორმეტი (tohr-meh-t'ee)
13: ცამეტი (tsah-meh-t'ee)
14: თოთხმეტი (toht-khmeh-t'ee)
15: თხუთმეტი (tkoot-meh-t'ee)
16: თექვსმეტი (tehk-vsmeh-t'ee)
17: ჩვიდმეტი (chveed-meh-t'ee)
18: თრვამეტი (trvah-meh-t'ee)
19: ცხრამეტი (tskhrah-meh-t'ee)
20: ოცი (oh-tsee)
21: ოცდაერთი (ohts-dah-ehr-tee)
22: ოცდაორი (ohts-dah-oh-ree)
23: ოცდასამი (ohts-dah-sah-mee)
30: ოცდაათი (ohts-dah-ah-tee)
31: ოცდათერთმეტი (ohts-dah-tehrt-meh-t'ee)
40: ორმოცი (ohr-moh-tsee)
50: ორმოცდაათი (ohr-mohts-dah-ah-tee)
60: სამოცი (sah-moh-tsee)
70: სამოცდაათი (sah-mohts-dah-ah-tee)
80: ოთხმოცი (oht-khmoh-tsee)
90: ოთხმოცდაათი (oht-khmohts-dah-ah-tee)
100: ასი (ah-see)
1000: ათასი (ah-tah-see)
2000
5000
1,000,000
1,000,000,000

[bearbeiten] Time

now: ახლა (ahkh-lah)
after: შემდეგ (shehm-dehg)
before: წინ (ts'een)
later: მოგვიანებით (mohg-vee-ah-neh-beet)
earlier: ( )
in the morning: დილით (dee-leet)
in the afternoon: დღეს (dghehs)
in the evening: საღამოს (sah-ghah-mohs)
at night: ღამეს (ghah-mehs)

[bearbeiten] Clock time

[bearbeiten] Duration

_____ minute: _____ წუთი (ts'oo-tee)
_____ hour(s): _____ საათი (sah-ah-tee)
_____ day(s): _____ დღე (dgheh)
_____ week(s): _____ კვირა (k'vee-rah)
_____ month(s): _____ თვე (tveh)
_____ year(s): _____ წელი (ts'eh-lee)

[bearbeiten] Tage

Sonntag: კვირა (k'vee-rah)
Montag: ორშაბათი (ohr-shah-bah-tee)
Dienstag: სამშაბათი (sam-shah-bah-tee)
Mittwoch: ოთხშაბათი (ohtkh-shah-bah-tee)
Donnerstag: ხუთშაბათი (khoot-shah-bah-tee)
Freitag: პარასყევი (p'ah-rahs-q'eh-vee)
Samstag: შაბათი (shah-bah-tee)

[bearbeiten] Monate

Januar: იანვარი (ee-ahn-vah-ree)
Februar: თებერვალი (teh-behr-vah-lee)
März: მარტი (mahr-t'ee)
April: აპრილი (ah-p'ree-lee)
Mai: მაისი (mah-ee-see)
Juni: ივნისი (eev-nee-see)
Juli: ივლისი (eev-lee-see)
August: აგვისტო (ahg-vee-st'oh)
September: სექტემბერი (sehk-t'ehm-beh-ree)
Oktober: ოქტომბერი (ohk-t'ohm-beh-ree)
November: ნოემბერი (noh-ehm-beh-ree)
Dezember: დეკემბერი (deh-k'ehm-beh-ree)

[bearbeiten] Writing time and date

[bearbeiten] Farben

schwarz: შავი (shah-vee)
weiß: თეთრი (teh-tree)
grau: ნაცრისფერი (nahts-rees-peh-ree)
rot: წითელი (ts'ee-teh-lee)
blau: ლურჯი (loor-jee)
gelb: ყვითელი (q'vee-teh-lee)
grün: მწვანე (mts'vah-neh)
orange: ნარინჯისფერი (na-reen-jees-peh-ree), ფორთოხლისფერი (pohr-toh-kh-lees-peh-ree)
violett: მეწამული (meh-ts'ah-noo-lee)
braun: ყავისფერი (q'ah-vees-peh-ree)

[bearbeiten] Transportation

[bearbeiten] Marshrutka

Stop (to let me off): გააჩერეთ (gah-ah-cheh-reht)

[bearbeiten] Bus and train

[bearbeiten] Directions

[bearbeiten] Taxi

[bearbeiten] Lodging

[bearbeiten] Money

[bearbeiten] Eating

A very useful and simple construction for asking for anything is simply:

_____ please.: _____ თუ შეიძლება (____ too sheh-eedz-leh-bah)

Without salt: უმარილო (oo-mah-ree-loh)
Without meat: უხორცო (oo-khohr-tsoh)
I'm a vegetarian.: ვეგეტარიანი ვარ (veh-geh-t'ah-ree-ah-nee vahr)
I want ____: მე ____ მინდა (meh ____ meen-dah)
chicken: ქათმის ხორცო (kaht-mees khor-tsoh)
beef: ძროხის ხორცო (dzroh-khees khor-tsoh)
fish: თევზი (tehv-zee)
pork: ღორის ხორცო (ghoh-rees khor-tsoh)
cheese: ყველი (q'veh-lee)
eggs: კვერცხი (k'vehr-tskhee)
salad: სალათა (sah-lah-tah)
vegetables: ბოსტნეული (bohst'-neh-oo-lee)
fruit: ხილი (khee-lee)
bread: პური (p'oo-ree)
beans: ლობიო (loh-bee-oh)
coffee: ყავა (q'ah-vah)
Turkish coffee: თურქული ყავა (toork-oo-lee q'ah-vah)
tea (drink): ჩაი (chah-ee)
juice: წვენი (ts'veh-nee)
water: წყალი (ts'q'ah-lee)
beer: ლუდი (loo-dee)
red/white wine: წითელი/თეთრი ღვინო (ts'ee-teh-lee/teh-tree ghvee-noh)
Excuse me, waiter? (getting attention of server): უკაცრავად, ოფიციანტი (oo-k'ahts-rah-vahd, oh-pee-tsee-ahn-t'ee)
It was delicious.: ძალიან გემრიელი იყო. (dzah-lee-ahn gehm-ree-eh-lee ee-q'oh)
The check, please.: ანგარიში, თუ შეიძლება (ahn-gah-ree-shee, too sheh-eedz-leh-bah)